DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT AGENCY

 

Project Report

 

Community Advocacy Training

on

Campaign Against Female Genital Mutilation

In Ealing, Hammersmith & Fulham

 

 

 

 

                                                             Sponsored By

 Africa Communities Project

 West London Health Promotion Agency

 Hammersmith and Fulham Team

111 Devonport Road

London W12 8PD

 

 

Report compiled by Elizabeth Kayembe

Edited by Mary Kanu

 

 

 

 

DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT AGENCY

 

Who we are

 

Development Support Agency is set up to relieve poverty, sickness and distress of African women by raising awareness, disseminating information and advancing education among African women, including refugees and asylum seekers, displaced and trafficked women, and those facing all other forms of abuse and exploitation in rural and urban communities, in England & Wales and Africa.

 

Our Mission

 

Our mission is to support and promote an integrated approach to issues of poverty, ill health, injustice and imbalances in gender relations in African communities, in England & Wales and Africa.

 

Our Vision

 

Our vision is a world in which African women and their communities are empowered to promote their interests and live free of perennial poverty, ill health, lack of decision-making powers and other forms of disempowerment and exploitation.

 

Aims and Objectives of DSA

DSA aims to promote and uphold the principles and values of:

  • Participation
  • Sustainability
  • Transparency
  • Justice

 

 

Our objectives

 

  • To identify, collect, collate and disseminate information and raise awareness among African women and friends of Africa wherever they may be, about the poverty, ill health and injustice being experienced by African women in their various communities in England & Wales and Africa
  • To mobilise African women and encourage them to participate at all levels of development and decision-making
  • To promote the social and economic advancement of African women in rural and urban communities, including refugees and asylum seekers, displaced and trafficked women, and those facing all forms of hardship and exploitation in England & Wales and Africa, through advocacy, education and training
  • To use various forums as opportunities to promote the active involvement and participation of African women in the eradication of poverty, ill health and gender-based injustices in their communities.
  • To undertake research and disseminate findings on issues and challenges relating to the well being of African women in and outside Africa

                                                                                                                                               

 

Our Thematic Areas

 

Our work falls under four thematic areas:

·        Capacity Building

·        Community Health

·        Community Involvement

·        Project Support

 

 

Capacity Building Programme

The Capacity Building Programme is designed to provide training and opportunities for skills development for community organisations to enable them harness available natural and human resources for their personal and collective social and economic advancement. Our training courses are designed to build the capacity of community organisations to enable them set up and manage community initiatives that will tackle poverty, ill health and gender inequities. 

 

Community Health Programme

The Community Health Programme is designed to promote Primary Health Care and provide information, advice, training and a referral service on health issues such as HIV/AIDS and sexual health, maternal and reproductive health, female genital mutilation, malaria, disabilities, nutrition, sanitation, and screening for cancer, diabetes, heart diseases, sickle cell anaemia and mental health.

 

Community Involvement Programme

This programme is the main thrust of our Africa Programme. It is designed to encourage African women, men and youth to harness the natural and human resources in their communities for their collective development. Through support for community initiatives, the programme will draw on the expertise of members of the community to address issues of poverty, health education, the environment, disability, gender inequity, orphans, widowhood, violence, gender violence, community safety, conflict and peace management. 

 

Project Support Services

The Project Support Services is designed to provide consultancy services in the areas of information, advice, good governance, conflict management, peace building, training and technical assistance, and ongoing support to statutory and non-statutory organisations, especially those in Africa, to enable them to function effectively and efficiently.

 

 

 

Contact Us

Development Support Agency

Talbot House, 204-226 Imperial Drive, Harrow, HA2 7HH

Phone: 020 8429 5949 Fax:020 8429 5950

Email: info@developmentsupport.org

Website: www.developmentsupport.org

 

Capacity Building for Community Advocates to raise awareness on Female Genital Mutilation

About this workshop

 

Overall Aim

To build the capacities of community advocates to raise awareness on the practice and consequences of female genital mutilation (FGM) among refugees and African migrant communities in Ealing, Hounslow, and Hammersmith and Fulham (EHH).

 

Background to the workshops

 

The magnitude and implications of FGM among African women, men and young people was highlighted during a series of community outreach and information sharing workshops recently organized to address the issue. This first phase of the project was aimed at developing a participatory approach for sustainable empowerment of women to campaign against FGM. The information gathered during the events shows that even though the practice of FGM has been outlawed in the United Kingdom, it is still thriving with health and social consequences among practicing African communities. During the community outreach events, we encountered deep-rooted cultural, religious and patriarchal arguments for the perpetuation of the practice. Both women and men were able to express their views and opinions on FGM. While the women insisted that the cultural and religious arguments were out of date, unreligious and only perpetuated to serve the interests and ego of men, the men insisted that it was for ‘the community good’. The information sharing workshops organized for women also revealed the extent of the pain and suffering of young and older women from practicing communities. The women gave vivid descriptions of lives spent in sustained pain, shock and agony.

 

Among the health and social consequences they listed was difficulty in passing urine, slow menstrual flow, migraine, dehydration, urine retention, excessive bleeding during intercourse, infection, painful sex or no sex at all, lack of childhood, stigma for both women and men, marriage breakdown, and risk of infections from partners going outside to have sex.

 

For most of the women, this was the first time they were able to openly share their experiences. Besides the difficulty of openly discussing their problems within the community because of socio-cultural pressures, they complained of lack of access to information, advice and support from community groups.

 

Below are some of the recommendations made by the women:

  • The practice of FGM should be stopped!
  • A drop-in centre should be set up to provide information, advice and support
  • Participants should use every opportunity to speak out against FGM
  • That a global campaign to raise awareness and stop the practice of FGM should be organised
  • Create a forum for young people to address the issue in the community

The men also made the following recommendations:

  • Organise a campaign against FGM in the UK and Africa
  • Provide information on existing services and clinics that can assist the victims
  • Provide counselling services, advice and support for men and women suffering because of the practice
  • Provide information and opportunities for men to speak out against FGM

 

 

The workshops

To address some of the needs highlighted above, DSA organised these workshops as a first step in a series of planned intervention programmes. The workshops enabled us to support and equip a group of women volunteers in the first instance to become community advocates. The project built their personal capacities to raise awareness on the practice and consequences of FGM.

 

                                                                                                         

Workshop Aims

The aim of these workshops was to build the capacities of community advocates to raise awareness on the practice and highlight the consequences of the practice, including the legal implications on practicing communities.

At the end of this workshop, the women were charged with the mission of going out to the community to transfer this awareness to others.

 

 

Workshop Sessions

The workshops were divided into two. The first workshop was on Advocacy and Mobilisation Skills. The second workshop was on Negotiation and Presentation Skills. These workshops were held on March 20 and 27 2004, respectively. The trainer for these workshops was Mary Kanu, the Director of DSA (Development Support Agency). 

 

 

Advocacy & Mobilisation Skills

The workshop started with an introduction of the issue of female genital mutilation, a recap of the outreach events and workshops organized to raise awareness in the community in 2003, and the report of that event. Below is the outline of the session:

 

 

Part One

 

     1. Welcome and Introductions

  1. About Development Support Agency
  2. About this workshop
  3. Female Genital Mutilation – what is it?
  4. Laws and legislation on FGM – the October 2003 Act

 

 

Part Two: Advocacy Skills

 

  1. Definition: What is advocacy?
  2. Types of Advocacy
  3. What does an advocate do?
  4. Why do we advocate?

 

 

Part Three: Mobilisation Skills

 

  1. What is mobilisation?
  2. Essentials of community mobilization
  3. Types of Mobilisation

 

Why advocacy and mobilisation on FGM?

 

 

Part Four: Let’s Talk (Documentary on FGM)

 

 

 

Negotiation and Presentation Skills

 

Part One

  1. Welcome and Introductions
  2. Review of Advocacy and Mobilisation Skills training
  3. Another form of physical abuse (Documentary on FGM)
  4. Let Us Talk (Documentary on FGM)

 

Part Two: Negotiation and Presentation Skills

  1. Steps
  2. Types
  3. Practice Session

 

 

Part Three: The out reach pack:

Participants were briefed on the effective use of the contents of the outreach pack to enable them use every item as a tool to inform and persuade.

 

 

Contents of the outreach pack

  1. Photos/graphic illustration of types of Female Genital Mutilation
  2. A list of the health and social implications of Female Genital Mutilation
  3. Summary of the law and legislation against Female Genital Mutilation  - The Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003
  4. A video documentary on Female Genital Mutilation: Let’s Talk
  5. A list of Well Women’s Clinic
  6. Feedback Questionnaire

 

The workshops focused on creating awareness on Female Genital Mutilation, its practices and implications to the victim and her community and equipping the participants with the information that would enable them to campaign effectively on this practice. There was also the added piece of vital information about new legislation on against FGM and how it affects the community.

 

The main learning points were drawn from the skills training on advocacy & mobilization, negotiation and presentation skills. The community advocates were equipped with information as well as knowledge and skills about approaching victims as well as practitioners of this harmful cultural practice.

 

The women also watched video presentations (Let us talk and Another Form of Physical Abuse). There was a specialist presentation by Eunice Munanie, a specialist on women’s sexual health, on the statistics on FGM and what recourse exists for the traumatised.

 

As a result of these presentations, a discussion emerged, where the participants were recorded to put forward the following views:

  • The campaign against FGM should target men because they have the power to change public opinion on the practice.
  • Educate women on health promotion and also educating men on women’s health issues
  • Involve men and women and invite health officials to give professional talks on health issues
  • Educate men first because it is they that refuse to marry uncircumcised women
  • Create awareness with medical specialists to tell them what women are going through
  • Since FGM has for a long time been used as a religious tool, religious leaders should be involved to confirm that FGM indeed is not a religious requirement as per any religion
  • Empower women to believe in themselves. Develop women’s forums that will enable them to assert themselves
  • Use of family education and communication to reinstate the fact that FGM is not in the Koran
  • Educate mothers, grandmothers, religious leaders
  • Distribute video presentations to the community
  • Target schools using leaflets, video and physical contact
  • Reinforce the seriousness of the law by telling everyone about the consequences of upholding FGM

 

 

Community Advocacy Report Back Session May 8 2004

 

Introduction

This report back session highlights the work carried out by the community advocates for the campaign against Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) among Refugees and Asylum Seekers and other African migrant communities in Ealing, Hounslow, Hammersmith and Fulham.

 

The Community Advocates were in the field for six weeks during which they worked hard to reach people in the community. As a result of their hard work, they reported more than 250 personal contacts with people they have informed about the consequences of FGM both from the legal perspective as well as from the well being of the victims.

 

Methodology

The women went out to find out about the awareness of the impact of FGM on women and girls in their community. They also went to find out the reception of the legislation regarding FGM. The women also went to gauge the attitude of other members of the community on whether FGM should be stopped and why. 12 women in all participated in this exercise.

 

Mode of data collection: Questionnaire

The women visited all possible meeting places. Some places recorded were: homes, a wedding ceremony, a youth centre, an IT/ESOL college, the mosque (at different parts within the mosque), at a conference, in someone’s office, at an art centre and even on the street.

Participants presented a summary report on their findings. They recorded the general attitude that they encountered with each respondent. Below is a representation of the women’s reporting. This section is followed by a statistical analysis of the findings completed on the questionnaires.

 

 

Asha:

 

                                        

 

  1. Asha visited a wedding event, her class, the mosque, a friend’s place and her sister’s home. Her sister was planning to take her 5 girls back home to perform FGM. The researcher spoke to her at length and showed her the adverse effects of FGM. It was difficult to convince her, but eventually she succeeded.
  2. At the mosque, she encountered a lot of opposition when showing pictures of mutilated female genitals. The women were very upset with her and did not want to hear of it. They accused her of selling out.
  3. In another section of the mosque, she spoke with some other members who seemed to agree with her.
  4. At the wedding, she made a brave move to distribute leaflets and to talk about the pain and suffering of women.
  5. At a friend’s place, they watched the video and shared information. 2 men who were present agreed with her and said that the community should stop the practice.

 

Ayan and Luul:

 

 

                                                     

                                                                                       

They worked together to visit community groups in Forest Gate. They visited Forest Gate community centre where girls meet every Saturday. 7 women, a mix of single women as well as mums attended. The young women said they can’t stop FGM but they will stop it from happening to their children. The mothers seemed to have great trouble accepting the change that is taking place in their culture and traditions that are being discarded.

 

Many women asked questions about the effects of FGM. Some young women mentioned effects such as urine retention, and interrupted bleeding during menstruation, backache and painful intercourse.

 

In conclusion, the mothers were unhappy about the campaign because it was contradicting their culture, but the girls were more positive.

 

At the Elbow centre in Forest Gate, the researchers spoke to women attending English classes. Many were unaware of other types of FGM practiced by other cultures. As many listened, many more were shocked about the realities of FGM. Some traditional healers in the group were aware of the effects and agreed with the advocates on the consequences of FGM.

 

Many women did not seem to be aware of the new law against FGM. They thought, as it is a purely cultural practice, no one will find them out. The advocates explained how the government is working with the local authorities to identify such activities.  The women agreed that it is important to meet more often as one meeting could not make much progress in convincing people to stop the practice. The advocates felt that the best way to convince the community against FGM was to highlight the effect of the practice on their health.

 

At the mosque, where women meet every Sunday, the women would not allow the advocates to open the leaflets. However, 6 women agreed to meet elsewhere. They accepted that some of them had complications, while others were divorced as a result of the friction. One girl narrated that because of urine and interrupted menstrual flow, her womb was permanently destroyed and thus she cannot bear children. The women seemed to be aware that FGM is not a religious requirement. They also found this talk very encouraging.

 

Faduma

 

                                                             

 

She visited a lunch club for elderly women where she shared the adverse effects of FGM. While many agreed with the effects, they seemed to be upset that this was interfering with their culture. They felt that the government had no right to tell them what to do with their children, as they saw this practice as a way of protecting them against a permissive and promiscuous society.

In one of the meetings, a man disclosed that he had to divorce his first wife as a result of FGM. It was noted that it is very rare for a man to disclose this.

 

One of the advocate’s daughters was very upset that her mother had to campaign against FGM after she had already put her through the problem. She refused to look at the leaflets claiming that they brought back very painful memories.

The advocate noted that it is very difficult to make inroads within the community on this matter. It is vital that there be a consistent way of contacting the people and carrying out follow up and to give support in order to identify and help those who are willing to stop the practice. Also information on where to go for help should be made available to those who need it.

Other women felt that this campaign was her invention.

 

Farhiya and Igram

 

                                                                                                                          

                                                                                                

The community advocates found out that some women are not aware of the new law. The general feeling they had was that unless the law directly affects them, it did not seem to be of any importance.

 

At the Somali community centre, the men were against the talk on FGM, saying that their women could not find anything better to do than to talk about sexual issues. They were adamant that one cannot change their culture. They argued that the West does not have to accept their culture just as the Somali community will not accept the gay and lesbian culture.

 

Other men however were very supportive and they took the matter to other men for further discussion. The general male feeling is that this is a women’s campaign and that they were not part of it. The supportive men were despised for preferring to have an “unstitched” girl. In all their discussions, many people did not seem to be aware of the law against FGM and the 14years jail term.

 

As a result of this campaign, one young woman contacted an advocacy worker to find out where she can be opened up after her wedding. This went well.

 

Also, a cousin who was preparing to go to Somalia for her children to undergo the ritual, accepted to stop it but only operate the symbolic act of “Sunna”.

 

 

Fahriya

Fahriya also visited a family of 5 girls. 2 of them had already undergone FGM while 3 others have not yet undergone the experience. The mother was planning to take them over the summer holidays for the operation. The advocacy worker showed them the video and explained the details on the video. Although the mother was convinced, the children’s grandmother was adamant about the practice going on. Her argument was that FGM restrains the girls from sexual promiscuity and more so in such a sexually permissive society.

 

An incident of a young man who went to wed in Somalia was narrated whereby the man got the shock of his life when he discovered that his bride was stitched. Having been brought up in the UK, the man knew nothing about the cultural practice of his people. He called off the wedding.

 

For the campaign to be effective during this summer, it was suggested that there be an active propaganda against FGM in schools, at the airports, at the GPs and anywhere where the community can access this information. At the top of the campaign should be the alert on the legal implications on parents and custodians who facilitate FGM on their children abroad over the summer break.

 

 

 

Jamila

                                                     

 

Jamila called over 6 of her neighbours and showed them the videotape. The women received it well. They were informed about the 14-year jail sentence for any UK resident practicing or facilitating the practice in the UK or abroad. However, because the 1985 law did not seem effective, many people were not convinced that it would be this time around.

 

At the mosque, the advocacy worker presented the leaflets. Some of the women present walked out in protest.  Some Egyptian women who were present agreed that this practice should stop.

 

The women then proposed the Sunna method, which is more symbolic.

 

 

Anne

 

 

Anne spoke with 10 people in total. She was able to find a Somali man who was very supportive of her efforts. She gave him the video to watch with his friends and then met at the local centre on the next day for a discussion.  The four men who watched the tape were supportive. One woman narrated how she went through FGM twice because it was not well done the first time. This was a very traumatic experience for her. She recalls having very painful periods.

 

It was revealed that in 1993, awareness campaigns against FGM had started in Mogadishu. Unfortunately due to the war, not much progress has taken place since. However, people are still insisting that it is a cultural requirement. When told about the war, many enquired whether Sunna was also implied. The advocacy worker still discouraged any form of FGM, even the light or symbolic types.

 

Most of the women coming for their ESOL classes were very interested and wanted to take the tape to watch with their friends. The men say that they would not like to have FGM done on their daughters and so are ready to back the campaign against FGM.

 

The need for consistency was once again called upon and also advocacy workers need to be very proactive and key in contacting schools, community halls and homes in order to distribute this information before the long summer breaks.

 

The men ‘s main concern is that their girls will emulate the permissive western lifestyle that leaves the girls deflowered. They argued thus that their cultural practice of stitching ensures that this does not happen.

 

 

 

Mary

 

 

 

Mary visited a Sudanese family and spoke to a few women during a conference that she was attending. The mother in the family admitted to experiencing FGM herself and decided that this would be done to her daughters. The mum explained that she underwent the operation at 5yrs of age, although she had tried to run away. She remembers excruciating pain whenever she passed urine and during menstruation. For delivery she had to be cut up and sewn up several times. She agreed that FGM had nothing to do with the law and that she did not consider having cosmetic surgery done on her to ease the pain.

 

During the second meeting there was 1 Somali woman and 1 Sudanese woman. The Sudanese woman underwent cosmetic surgery to be opened up. She would not let her daughter to undergo the operation.  The other Somali woman was not ready to be opened up.

 

At a workshop elsewhere, Mary met with 2 Sudanese women who were circumcised. One of them reported that her sister who underwent Sunna was forcefully taken back for the pharaonic operation (removal of the clitoris and labia) by the midwives. She is saddened to see that her brothers are keen on taking their daughters for the same operation, but she is helpless about it.

 

In a final workshop, Mary spoke to a young Sierra Leonean woman who was too shy to share her ordeal with the other women. She underwent the operation at age 12 and her nerves were badly affected. She had a horrific sexual experience besides painful periods and urination. She vowed never to do that to her children if she ever got any. Also she was not aware of cosmetic surgery and was curious to find out more.

 

 

Nimo

 

                                                    

 

Nimo approached 10 people in all. She insisted on telling the people about the issue with the law. Anyone supporting or plotting with a parent to have their children mutilated would face up to 14 years in prison and be separated with their children who might be taken into foster care.

 

Questions asked ranged from, “how will they know? Who will tell?”, etc.. Also, the children were brought up expecting it and not wanting to be the odd one out, they anticipated the ritual with eagerness.

 

Nimo informed the participants that children will be checked for any unusual behaviour after the holidays, the GPs and other local authorities will be informed so that they will report any unusual infections or behaviour from the children.

 

Many seemed to think that since the 1985 law did not take effect, the same would be of this new one.

 

Besides the meeting, Nimo also kept contact with the other advocacy workers who informed her of the progress and challenges they were facing.

 

 

Dulmar

                                                      

 

Dulmar visited three homes, a college and a community centre. The three families she visited in their homes had young daughters that were at risk of mutilation. Two of those families were preparing to take their daughters to Kenya and Somalia during the summer holidays for the ritual. She was able to show them the video and told them about the new law, and the 14 years jail term. When one of the families insisted it was their culture, and would proceed with the ritual, she reported them to the social services and asked the social worker to warn them and keep an eye. The holidays to Kenya has since been abandoned.

 

She also spoke to six women at the college. Most of the women agreed with her that FGM had no benefits, but would be happy to perform the suna symbolic circumcision for their own peace of mind. However, their teenage daughters are fiercely opposed to the ritual and will refuse to travel anywhere for the ritual.

 

At the community centre, she met and spoke with 5 mothers, one grandmother and two teenage girls. She showed them the fact sheets and the list of the side effects of FGM. As a result of this, she was contacted by six young girls for the address of the clinics to help them. They later called to thank her for the information. One of them thanked her especially for the surgery that enabled her to experience free flow menstruation.

 

Dulmar believes that the new law and the 14 year jail term should be highlighted to deter people from this practice. She observed that as soon as the 14 year jail term was mentioned, people changed their minds about the ritual. She also emphasised the need for a drop in centre to support those who are suffering as a result of FGM, and those who are being pressurised by extended family members to perform the ritual on their daughters.

 

 

 

 

Recommendations

 

After this very informative session, the women summarized their feelings as follows:

  • More sessions needed and outreach work to be actively carried out. FGM is a cultural practice that has been around for a long time. It will take more effort to uproot it.
  • This group was the first to reach the grass roots with such an impact. 12 women have persisted despite the opposition, despite the insults and the challenges.
  • It feels good to be able to affect the community positively. The women felt very useful and empowered during this operation, and felt motivated to go out again.
  • Using family, relatives and extended members of the family brought good results.
  • Next time, it might be a better idea to go out in groups so as to provide moral support to one another.
  • Advocacy Workers will need to be sensitive in their approach in the face of diversity and also they should apply the strategic tactics taught during the skills training workshop.
  • It is important to have a centre where people/members can come together and give each other support and share good practice.
  • It was felt that many women are happy not to circumcise their girls, but were under pressure to do it.
  • The advocacy workers will also need a lot of support because they faced insults and were accused of only able to discuss sexual matters and FGM despite their education.

 

 

The questionnaire

 

The questionnaire was used to compile the data that the women collated individually.

The following questions have been put together to make a statistical representation of the people interviewed and their opinion on FGM within their community.

 

  1. As mentioned earlier, the advocacy workers met with the people in every possible venue. Places mentioned are: conference halls, mosques, homes, ESOL colleges, art centers, the street, homes, and office and community halls.

 

2. The total number of people contacted was 258

 

3. Of the total number, how many had been mutilated: 233 (91%)

 

4. How many were:

·        Mothers: 150

·        Fathers: 11

·        Grandmothers: 38

·        Grandfathers: 2

·        Teenagers: 57

 

  1. Fact sheet about what materials were used. This was a combination of leaflets, the videotape and group discussions.

 

  1. Effects on FGM on participants. The following statistics show the number of people suffering from the individual effects of FGM.

 

    1. Difficulty in passing urine: 158 (61%)
    2. Slow/painful menstrual flow: 149 (58%)
    3. Bleeding during sex: 103 (40%)
    4. Painful sex: 138 (53%)
    5. Sexually transmitted Infections: 96 (37%)
    6. Marriage breakdown/divorce: 69 (26%)
    7. Nightmares and flashbacks: 107 (41%)
    8. Headaches/migraines: 133 (52%)

 

  1. How many were aware that FGM is illegal: 130 (50%)

 

  1. How many aware that there are well woman clinics: Only 20 (7%)

 

  1. How many are willing to stop practicing FGM: 113 (44%) Not willing: 81 (31%) No commitment: 145 (56%)

 

 

 

 

Conclusion

 

Mary Kanu, Director of DSA thanked all the women for the job well done. She promised that if the funders were willing, she would invite the women to share their experiences at the next Female Genital Mutilation presentation being organised by African Unite Against Child Abuse on June 24 2004.

She also thanked Eunice Kyalo on behalf of the African Communities Project at Hammersmith and Fulham for funding and supporting this project.

Eunice Kyalo then issued certificates on behalf of the African Communities Project.

 

 

Advocacy and Mobilisation Skills training for Community Advocates on Female Genital Mutilation

 

List of Participants

 

S/N

Name and Address

1

Anne Ogbigbo

 

2

Asha Aweys

 

3

Ayan Abdi

 

4

Dulmar Sulub

 

5

Faduma Jama

 

6

Farida Zimba

 

7

Fahriya Abdi

 

8

Igram Barud

 

9

Jamila Abdow

 

10

Luul Ali

 

11

Mary Yak

 

12

Nimo Mohamed

 

 

 

 

Development Support Agency

June 2004